“Achieving, with computer code, what until then could be accomplished only by bombing a country or sending in agents to plant explosives….“This is the first attack of a major nature in which a cyber attack was used to effect physical destruction,” said former CIA chief Michael V. Hayden. “No country’s infrastructure is more dependent on computer systems, and thus more vulnerable to attack, than that of the United States. It is only a matter of time, most experts believe, before it [US infrastructure] becomes the target of the same kind of weapon that the Americans have used, secretly, against Iran.””
6/1/2012, “Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,“ NY Times, David E. Sanger (“This article is adapted from “Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power,” [by David E. Sanger of the New York Times] to be published by Crown on Tuesday.” [June 2012])
“From his first months in office, President Obama secretly ordered increasingly sophisticated attacks on the computer systems that run Iran’s main nuclear enrichment facilities, significantly expanding America’s first sustained use of cyberweapons, according to participants in the program.
Mr. Obama decided to accelerate the attacks–begun in the Bush administration and code-named Olympic Games — even after an element of the program accidentally became public in the summer of 2010 because of a programming error that allowed it to escape Iran’s Natanz plant and sent it around the world on the Internet. Computer security experts who began studying the worm, which had been developed by the United States and Israel, gave it a name: Stuxnet.
At a tense meeting in the White House Situation Room within
days of the worm’s “escape,” Mr. Obama, Vice President Joseph R. Biden
Jr. and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency at the time,
Leon E. Panetta, considered whether America’s most ambitious attempt to slow the progress of Iran’s nuclear efforts had been fatally compromised.
“Should we shut this thing down?” Mr. Obama asked, according to members of the president’s national security team who were in the room.
Told it was unclear how much the Iranians knew about the code, and offered evidence that it was still causing havoc, Mr. Obama decided that the cyberattacks should proceed. In the following weeks, the Natanz plant was hit by a newer version of the computer worm, and then another after that. The last of that series of attacks, a few weeks after Stuxnet was detected around the world, temporarily took out nearly 1,000 of the 5,000 centrifuges Iran had spinning at the time to purify uranium.
This account of the American and Israeli effort to undermine the Iranian nuclear program is based on interviews over the past 18 months with current and former American, European and Israeli officials involved in the program, as well as a range of outside experts. None would allow their names to be used because the effort remains highly classified, and parts of it continue to this day.
Told it was unclear how much the Iranians knew about the code, and offered evidence that it was still causing havoc, Mr. Obama decided that the cyberattacks should proceed. In the following weeks, the Natanz plant was hit by a newer version of the computer worm, and then another after that. The last of that series of attacks, a few weeks after Stuxnet was detected around the world, temporarily took out nearly 1,000 of the 5,000 centrifuges Iran had spinning at the time to purify uranium.
This account of the American and Israeli effort to undermine the Iranian nuclear program is based on interviews over the past 18 months with current and former American, European and Israeli officials involved in the program, as well as a range of outside experts. None would allow their names to be used because the effort remains highly classified, and parts of it continue to this day.
These officials gave differing assessments of how successful the sabotage program was in slowing Iran’s progress toward
developing the ability to build nuclear weapons. Internal Obama
administration estimates say the effort was set back by 18 months to two
years, but some experts inside and outside the government are more
skeptical, noting that Iran’s enrichment levels have steadily recovered, giving the country enough fuel today for five or more weapons, with additional enrichment.
Whether Iran is still trying to design and build a weapon is in dispute.
The most recent United States intelligence estimate concludes that Iran
suspended major parts of its weaponization effort after 2003, though
there is evidence that some remnants of it continue.
Iran initially denied that its enrichment facilities had been hit by Stuxnet, then said it had found the worm and contained it. Last
year, the nation announced that it had begun its own military
cyberunit, and Brig. Gen. Gholamreza Jalali, the head of Iran’s Passive
Defense Organization, said that the Iranian military was prepared “to
fight our enemies” in “cyberspace and Internet warfare.” But there has been scant evidence that it has begun to strike back.
The United States government only recently acknowledged developing cyberweapons and it has never admitted using them. There have been reports of one-time attacks against personal computers used by members of Al Qaeda, and of contemplated attacks against the computers that run air defense systems, including during the NATO-led air attack on Libya last year [2011]. But Olympic Games [Stuxnet] was of an entirely different type and sophistication.
It appears to be the first time the United States has repeatedly used cyberweapons to
cripple another country’s infrastructure, achieving, with computer
code, what until then could be accomplished only by bombing a country or
sending in agents to plant explosives. The code itself is 50
times as big as the typical computer worm, Carey Nachenberg, a vice
president of Symantec, one of the many groups that have dissected the
code, said at a symposium at Stanford University in April. Those
forensic investigations into the inner workings of the code, while
picking apart how it worked, came to no conclusions about who was
responsible.
A similar process is now under way to figure out the origins of another cyberweapon called Flame that was recently discovered to have attacked the computers of Iranian officials, sweeping up information from those machines.
But the computer code appears to be at least five years old, and
American officials say that it was not part of Olympic Games. They have declined to say whether the United States was responsible for the Flame attack.
Mr. Obama, according to participants in the many Situation Room meetings on Olympic Games [Stuxnet], was acutely aware that with
every attack he was pushing the United States into new territory, much
as his predecessors had with the first use of atomic weapons in the
1940s, of intercontinental missiles in the 1950s and of drones in the past decade. He repeatedly expressed concerns that any American acknowledgment that it was using cyberweapons-even under the most careful and limited circumstances–could enable other countries, terrorists or hackers to justify their own attacks [against the US in retaliation]….
Yet Mr. Obama concluded that when it came to stopping Iran, the United States had no other choice.
If Olympic Games [Stuxnet] failed, he told aides, there would be no time for sanctions and diplomacy with Iran to work. Israel could carry out a conventional military attack, prompting a conflict that could spread throughout the region.
The impetus for Olympic Games [Stuxnet] dates from 2006, when President George W. Bush saw few good options in dealing with Iran. At the time, America’s European allies were divided about the cost that imposing sanctions on Iran would have on their own economies. Having falsely accused Saddam Hussein of reconstituting his nuclear program in Iraq, Mr. Bush had little credibility in publicly discussing another nation’s nuclear ambitions. The Iranians seemed to sense his vulnerability, and, frustrated by negotiations, they resumed enriching uranium at an underground site at Natanz, one whose existence had been exposed just three years before….
The impetus for Olympic Games [Stuxnet] dates from 2006, when President George W. Bush saw few good options in dealing with Iran. At the time, America’s European allies were divided about the cost that imposing sanctions on Iran would have on their own economies. Having falsely accused Saddam Hussein of reconstituting his nuclear program in Iraq, Mr. Bush had little credibility in publicly discussing another nation’s nuclear ambitions. The Iranians seemed to sense his vulnerability, and, frustrated by negotiations, they resumed enriching uranium at an underground site at Natanz, one whose existence had been exposed just three years before….
Hawks in the Bush
administration like Vice President Dick Cheney urged Mr. Bush to
consider a military strike against the Iranian nuclear facilities before
they could produce fuel suitable for a weapon. Several times, the
administration reviewed military options and concluded that they would
only further inflame a region already at war, and would have uncertain
results.
For years the
C.I.A. had introduced faulty parts and designs into Iran’s systems–even
tinkering with imported power supplies so that they would blow up–but the sabotage had had relatively little effect. General James E. Cartwright,who
had established a small cyberoperation inside the United States
Strategic Command, which is responsible for many of America’s nuclear
forces, joined intelligence officials in presenting a radical new idea to Mr. Bush and his national security team. It involved a far more sophisticated cyberweapon than the United States had designed before.
The goal was to gain access to the Natanz plant’s industrial computer controls.That
required leaping the electronic moat that cut the Natanz plant off from
the Internet — called the air gap, because it physically separates the
facility from the outside world. The computer code would invade the specialized computers that command the centrifuges.
The first stage in the effort was to develop a
bit of computer code called a beacon that could be inserted into the
computers, which were made by the German company Siemens and an Iranian
manufacturer, to map their operations. The idea was to draw the
equivalent of an electrical blueprint of the Natanz plant, to understand
how the computers control the giant silvery centrifuges that spin at
tremendous speeds. The connections were complex, and unless every
circuit was understood, efforts to seize control of the centrifuges
could fail….
When Colonel Qaddafi gave up his nuclear weapons program in 2003, he turned over the centrifuges he had bought from the Pakistani nuclear ring, and they were placed in storage at a weapons laboratory in Tennessee. The military and intelligence officials overseeing Olympic Games [Stuxnet] borrowed some for what they termed “destructive testing,” essentially building a virtual replica of Natanz, but spreading the test over several of the Energy Department’s national laboratories to keep even the most trusted nuclear workers from figuring out what was afoot.
Those first small-scale tests were surprisingly successful: the bug invaded
the computers, lurking for days or weeks, before sending instructions
to speed them up or slow them down so suddenly that their delicate
parts, spinning at supersonic speeds, self-destructed. After several
false starts, it worked. One day, toward the end of Mr. Bush’s term,
the rubble of a centrifuge was spread out on the conference table in the
Situation Room, proof of the potential power of a cyberweapon. The worm was declared ready to test against the real target: Iran’s underground enrichment plant.
“Previous cyberattacks had effects limited to other computers,” Michael V. Hayden, the former chief of the C.I.A., said, declining to describe what he knew of these attacks when he was in office. “This is the first attack of a major nature in which a cyberattack was used to effect physical destruction,” rather than just slow another computer, or hack into it to steal data….
In fact, thumb drives turned out to be critical in spreading the first variants of the computer worm; later, more sophisticated methods were developed to deliver the malicious code.
The first attacks were
small, and when the centrifuges began spinning out of control in 2008,
the Iranians were mystified about the cause, according to intercepts
that the United States later picked up. “The thinking was that the
Iranians would blame bad parts, or bad engineering, or just
incompetence,” one of the architects of the early attack said.
The Iranians were confused partly because no two attacks were exactly alike.Moreover, the code would lurk inside the plant for weeks, recording normal operations; when it attacked, it sent signals to the Natanz control room indicating that everything downstairs was operating normally. “This may have been the most brilliant part of the code,” one American official said….
But by the time Mr. Bush left office, no wholesale destruction had been accomplished. Meeting with Mr. Obama in the White House days before his inauguration, Mr. Bush urged him to preserve two classified programs, Olympic Games [Stuxnet] and the drone program in Pakistan. Mr. Obama took Mr. Bush’s advice.
Mr. Obama came to office with an interest in cyberissues, but he had discussed them during the campaign mostly in terms of threats to personal privacy and the risks to infrastructure like the electrical grid and the air traffic control system. He commissioned a major study on how to improve America’s defenses and announced it with great fanfare in the East Room.
What he did not say then was that he was also learning the arts of cyberwar. The
architects of Olympic Games would meet him in the Situation Room, often
with what they called the “horse blanket,” a giant foldout schematic
diagram of Iran’s nuclear production facilities. Mr. Obama authorized the attacks to continue, and every few weeks — certainly after a major attack — he would get updates and authorize the next step. Sometimes it was a strike riskier and bolder than what had been tried previously.
“From his first days in office, he was deep into every step in slowing the Iranian program…”…a senior administration official said….
But the good luck did not last. In the summer of 2010, shortly after a new variant of the worm had been sent into Natanz, it became clear that the worm, which was never supposed to leave the Natanz machines, had broken free, like a zoo animal that found the keys to the cage. It fell to Mr. Panetta and two other crucial players in Olympic Games — General Cartwright, the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Michael J. Morell, the deputy director of the C.I.A. — to break the news to Mr. Obama and Mr. Biden.
An error in the code, they said, had led it to spread to an engineer’s computer when
it was hooked up to the centrifuges. When the engineer left Natanz and
connected the computer to the Internet, the American- and Israeli-made
bug failed to recognize that its environment had changed. It began replicating itself all around the world. Suddenly, the code was exposed, though its intent would not be clear, at least to ordinary computer users. “We think there was a
modification done by the Israelis,” one of the briefers told the
president, “and we don’t know if we were part of that activity.”
Mr. Obama, according to officials in the room, asked a series of questions,fearful that the code could do damage outside the plant. The answers came back in hedged terms. Mr. Biden fumed. “It’s got to be the Israelis,” he said. “They went too far.”
In fact, both the Israelis and the Americans had been aiming for a particular part of the centrifuge plant, a critical area whose loss, they had concluded, would set the Iranians back considerably. It is unclear who introduced the programming error.
The question facing Mr. Obama was whether the rest of Olympic Games [Stuxnet] was in jeopardy, now that a variant of the bug was replicating itself “in the wild,” where computer security experts can dissect it and figure out its purpose.
The question facing Mr. Obama was whether the rest of Olympic Games [Stuxnet] was in jeopardy, now that a variant of the bug was replicating itself “in the wild,” where computer security experts can dissect it and figure out its purpose.
“I don’t think we have enough information,” Mr. Obama told the group that day, according to the officials. But in the meantime, he ordered that the cyberattacks continue. They
were his best hope of disrupting the Iranian nuclear program unless
economic sanctions began to bite harder and reduced Iran’s oil revenues.
Within a week, another version of the bug brought down just under 1,000 centrifuges. Olympic Games was still on.
American cyberattacks are not limited to Iran, but the focus of attention, as one administration official put it, “has been overwhelmingly on one country.” There
is no reason to believe that will remain the case for long. Some
officials question why the same techniques have not been used more
aggressively against North Korea. Others see chances to disrupt Chinese
military plans, forces in Syria on the way to suppress the
uprising there, and Qaeda operations around the world. “We’ve considered
a lot more attacks than we have gone ahead with,” one former
intelligence official said….
No country’s infrastructure is more dependent on computer systems, and thus more vulnerable to attack, than that of the United States. It is only a matter of time, most experts believe, before it [US infrastructure] becomes the target of the same kind of weapon that the Americans have used, secretly, against Iran.”
“A version of this article appears in print on June 1, 2012, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Obama Order Sped Up Wave Of Cyberattacks Against Iran.”
………………..
Added: "Obama’s General" James Cartwright admits leaking Stuxnet details to NY Times:
10/17/2016, “‘Obama’s General’ Pleads Guilty to Leaking Stuxnet Operation [to David E. Sanger of the NY Times],” Foreign Policy
……………………
Added: In Jan. 2017 Obama pardoned his friend General Cartwright who leaked Stuxnet details to the NY Times:
1/17/2017, “Obama Pardons James Cartwright, General Who Lied to F.B.I. in Leak,” NY Times
………………….
Added:
2/20/2014, “It’s time to break up the NSA,” CNN, Bruce Schneier, opinion
“[NSA’s] TAO [Tailored Access Operations] and its targeted surveillance mission should be moved under the control of U.S. Cyber Command, and Cyber Command should be completely separated from the NSA. Actively attacking enemy networks is an offensive military operation, and should be part of an offensive military unit.
Whatever rules of engagement Cyber Command operates under should apply equally to active [US] operations such as sabotaging the Natanz nuclear enrichment facility in Iran and hacking a Belgian telephone company. If we’re going to attack the infrastructure of a foreign nation, let it be a clear military operation.”…
………………..===========
Related links:
Foreign Policy – Comments – ‘Obama’s General’ Pleads Guilty to …
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‘Obama’s General’ Pleads Guilty to Leaking Stuxnet Operation.
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Jan 17, 2017 – President Obama has granted a pardon to retired Marine Corps general James Cartwright, according to The Wall Street Journal. … Cartwright, the government alleged, leaked information to the press about the operation. In October, he pleaded guilty to lying to investigators about speaking to journalists.
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